Showing posts with label 2018. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 2018. Show all posts

Monday, December 24, 2018

Responsabilidad de los Estados y el cambio climático

Artículo de opinión por: María del Mar Vargas Cabrera (Semillero Observatorio en Comercio, Inversión y Desarrollo, Universidad EAFIT, Colombia). Email: mvarga29@eafit.edu.co 

La humanidad enfrenta actualmente uno de sus mayores desafíos: garantizar su supervivencia ante el problema del calentamiento global producido por el efecto invernadero. Este fenómeno, ocasionado por la emisión de gases, genera mayor retención de calor en la atmósfera, provocando que la temperatura media del planeta aumente y se produzcan cambios en la temperatura del planeta.
El cambio climático es el resultado del descuido de la sociedad, el sector privado y actores estatales frente a la preservación y cuidado del medio ambiente. En un plano más enfocado en el rol de entes públicos, la sociedad delega al Estado el poder suficiente para garantizar el ejercicio de sus derechos de manera plena, entre ellos a un medio ambiente sano. Es trabajo del Estado buscar los medios para que se cumpla, no solamente a nivel nacional sino también internacional. Es desde ahí que todos los Estados asumen compromisos sobre la prevención y control sobre el cambio climático a través de la implementación de convenios como la Convención de Rio, a la que le sigue el Protocolo de Kioto que próximamente dejara de estar en vigor debido a la entrada del Acuerdo de Paris, ratificado en 2017 y que entra en vigencia en el 2020.
Existen compromisos internacionales en los cuales los Estados deben a nivel internacional generar normas o reglamentos que tengan congruencia con la protección al medio ambiente; sin embargo, la nueva preocupación gira en torno a que para muchos Estados es más importante el desarrollo económico que la protección ambiental, ello se resalta en la poca efectividad de las políticas ambientales. A pesar de que el mundo en general se está preocupando por la protección del medio ambiente, por encima de ello, los intereses políticos y económicos tienen aún cierta relevancia. 
Los Estados tienen el deber de velar por el cumplimiento oportuno de las normas creadas para la protección del medio ambiente, además del control y prevención del cambio climático, de tal manera que los Estados deben cumplir con todos los requisitos, permisos, y protocolos establecidos como análisis de impacto ambiental, o mejoramiento de infraestructura. Producto de la tendencia global de desarrollo, los Estados otorgan mayor importancia y esfuerzo por generar medidas de desarrollo económico sin observar el impacto o daños ambientales. Todos aquellos compromisos plasmados en tratados internacionales, en los cuales los Estados hacen parte, carecen de efectividad, pues muchos de ellos no toman en consideración las condiciones económicas, sociales y culturales de cada Estado, tornándose entonces inefectiva la firma de dichos tratados. Por otra parte, la política ambiental que implementa el Estado, se encuentra mal encaminada, pues generalmente propende por la restauración o reparación, en vez de preocuparse por prever o evitar el daño. Lo anterior, se lograría con una política ambiental dirigida tanto a los particulares como a las autoridades en aras de educar con principios ambientales, es decir, generar en la sociedad y el Estado una concientización, que como resultado consolide un trabajo en equipo para la protección del medio ambiente. 
Ahora, además de la concientización, se requiere de normas tanto nacionales como internacionales que sean vinculantes, de tal manera que un medio ambiente sano no solo sea un derecho de todos, sino también una obligación por parte de cada persona en procurar realizar acciones que no violenten el medio ambiente ni vulneren el derecho de los demás a tener un medio ambiente sano. Aunado a lo anterior, la validez de una norma no implica ser la eficacia de la misma, es entonces cuando el Estado debe preocuparse en primera medida por promover el cumplimiento de las leyes ambientales, estableciendo su obligatoriedad y sus sanciones en caso de ser incumplida. Finalmente, el Estado debe de preocuparse por ganar confianza por parte de la ciudadanía, en el sentido de que las autoridades son las que llevaran a cabo la ejecución de las normas, y por ende, son ellas quienes deben de actuar con transparencia y diligencia.

Saturday, December 22, 2018

An ethical approach over corruption as a potential solution

Opinion article by: Nicolas Botero Mejia (International Negotiator, Universidad EAFIT; and Analyst at the Trade, Investment and Development Observatory)

Colombia, among other Latin American countries have suffered for decades the negative consequences of corruption in different spheres. For instance, in politics, in the economic growth and in the social development. The kind of corruption that most affect a country usually is the one that political corporations and enterprises engage with. Although individuals might fall into daily unethical practices as well, the biggest concerns are those practices and behaviors happening in the public and the private sector that undermine social values and public morality. Governments had tried to confront this problematic by legal ways, promoting laws and regimes that forbid and sanction corrupt actions and actors. I don't have precise information over the real impact those regulations have had, probably not too well since corruption index and perception still high, but what I do recognize is the necessity to address this problem from another approach. Ethics and moral principles play an important role in this topic and I believe that should be considered to beat corruption with a structural social solution.
The purpose of this work is to address some desirable moral reflections that businessmen and employees as well as politicians and administrative authorities should contemplate not to incur in unethical and maybe illegal behaviors. After giving some background over moral principles, the basic essential concepts and its definitions, specific ideas will be presented. 
Every person has a moral code that contains principles, values, ideals and aspirations that shape our lives and determine the way we behave and relate with each other. The philosopher Richard Brandt suggest that when a principle is part of a person’s moral code, that person is strongly motived toward the conduct required by the principle, and against the ones that conflict with the principle. Nevertheless, there are two other concepts that could struggle with the moral principles and that usually do not depend on their choices or decisions because are given by the way they were raised and educated. On one side, conscience as the moral sense of right or wrong is disturbed when an internalized principle is violated. On the other hand, there is the self-interest orientation that every human unfortunately has. Collision of self-interest with moral principles are a usual cause for unethical actions because there is no guarantee that moral behavior will always benefit and satisfy a person's selfishness. 
There are some reflections that eventually can adjust politicians and businessmen's behaviors with the integrity that citizens expect. One of them is the acceptance of organizational norms and rules. No matter the nature of the organization, to achieve the objectives, members must commit themselves and in some cases, it implies resign some of their personal freedom. This means that both in an enterprise or in the Congress, the employees and members must follow rules and respect norms and assume that, consciously or unconsciously, for the pursuit of goals and correct performance of the functions. In the reality, some people think that their job, their social position or support gives the prerogative to skip rules and apply the Machiavellian idea of the goal justifying the means.
Accepting the norms established by an organization does not exclude the autonomy that sometimes the mentioned people should have. Since organizations and companies commonly exert pressure on their members, they tend to behave as those around them do. Imitating behaviors without realizing them is not desirable at all because that would perpetuate the wrong practices in certain manner and won’t allow new ideas and alternative courses of action to emerge. The bosses of a firm and the politicians, specially those elected by the population, must have a defined temperament and character to defend the interest of the company or of the voters.
In his book Business Ethics, Professor William Shaw names this objectionable phenomenon as Groupthink, and adds that “leads to irrational, sometimes disastrous decisions, and it has enormous potential for doing moral damage”.
It often happens that when a case of corruption is disclosed, no one of the people involved assumes the responsibility. Functions in an organization are frequently shared and coworkers use to join efforts towards a common objective which is a remarkable way to work coordinated. However, that collective participation can lead to a fragmented responsibility. That diffusion overwhelms personal moral responsibilities and make people think they are single small players with no important roles in a game that they cannot control. Looking forward to having respectful leaders that assume risks but also responsibilities when things does not end as expected is a must for a country that pretends to have transparent relations between government, private sector and civil society.
In conclusion, there are certain ethical and moral issues that could build a framework relative to those who participate in politics or run a business in order to promote integrity, rational and ethical decisions that influence the everyday life and could start a transformation towards an honored society. Legal system should not be totally banned from the regulation against corruption, the proposal of this work is another perspective that complements and seeks to prevent the necessary punishment that some actions deserve after attempting the general interests as corruption does. The way that the framework could be effectively replicated could follow the theory of the human-related collaborative sharing of knowledge, stated by Professor Johanna Lahtinen and that transferred knowledge based in qualitative feedback and empirical perceptions.

Reference

Shaw, W. (2011). Business Ethics: A textbook with cases. Boston, MA, USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Wednesday, April 18, 2018

Charlie Hebdo & Matador: when cartoons create controversy

Opinion article by: Cyriac Bouët (email: cebouet@eafit.edu.co)
Universidad EAFIT, Colombia


About Freedom of press

The freedom of press is one of the fundamentals principles for democratic systems, alongside freedom of opinion and freedom of speech. It is defined in the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights from 1948 that “ Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers”. 

Even though both Charlie and Matador illustrations can be very critical and shocking, it is important to keep in mind that their purpose is primarily to distract the reader, as it is featured in a published journal, that led to many reunion with the redactors and editors, it has to be validated in order to be published, and when you buy a journal, you know a little bit about how oriented is its content. For example, it is well known that the two major sport related newspaper in Spain, As! And Marca both have a strong support, one for the Real Madrid, and the other for FC Barcelona, and that their content, while relating to the same news, will be written differently. 

The political satire was born at the same time as freedom of press in the early 18th century in England, and then later in France as the French Revolution occurred. It has often been a way to communicate effectively an idea or a thought in a more effective way than with words. Every year, the NGO Reporters without Borders establish a ranking of the countries who gives the more freedom of press. To get to this ranking, the NGO send surveys to local journalists, but also to lawyers, politicians and scientists who study this sector, about threats done to journalist, but also about the press itself, its owners, the ease of diffusion, etc. As of 2017, the European Nordic countries were dominating the ranking, with Norway on top of it. France was ranked 39th and Colombia 129th. At the end of the ranking can be found all state-controlled countries with North Korea closing the ranking at the 180th rank.

Background and context


We will start with Charlie Hebdo. It is a French satirical magazine, associated with the political left-wing ideas, which first got published in 1970. It features a lot of political cartoons, and satirical images, along some investigative articles about various subjects (politics, culture, religion, cults, right-wing politics, etc.). The team behind Charlie Hebdo in 1970 was the team of the magazine Hara-Kiri, which got banned due to political incorrectness. This is the spirit that can characterize the periodic. Its first great scandal though was in 2006, when the magazine chose to feature Mahomet’s caricatures from the Danish periodic Jyllands-Posten, which lead to violent reaction in Muslim countries and in France. In 2011, after another too satirical front page (the edition was renamed “Charia Hebdo”), the headquarters of the magazine was burned with Molotov cocktails by Muslim activists. Then in 2015, two armed radical islamists entered the new headquarters of Charlie Hebdo, killing 12 members of the staff, including 5 of the illustrators. After this tragic terrorist attack, the survivors decided that the journal should continue and released one week after the “survivor edition”, featuring a satirical cartoon about prophet Mahomet on the front page since then, the public opinion is divided about Charlie Hebdo. On one side those who thinks they deserved what happened to them, and on the other side those who thinks that they have the right to freedom of speech in every situation.

Now, a little background check on Matador: This Colombian cartoonist, born in 1969, and whose real name is Julio Cesar Gonzalez drew his first cartoons for the periodic El Fuerte, before getting to draw for La Tarde, El Espectador, Portafolio, Soho and finally El Tiempo, the best-selling journal in Colombia. He his nationally known for his criticism through his comics, especially towards former president and actual senator Alvaro Uribe Velez and his right- wing party, el Centro Democratico, represented by Ivan Duque Marquez in the current presidential election in Colombia. Due to a growing number of death threats, he decided to suspend his activity on social medias two weeks ago (but he will continue to get his work published inside El Tiempo).

Cartoons from Charlie Hebdo  





This is the translated front page of the magazine a week after the 2015 terrorist  attack, Prophet with an ironically shaped head.









This controversial cover from 2013 reads, “The Quran is shit – It does not stop bullets.” French Islamists actually sued the magazine for blasphemy after this edition.











This cover from August 2017 refers to the terrorist attack in Barcelona few days before. It says “Islam, religion of peace...for the eternity”










Cartoons from Matador (Colombia) 


This comic from Matador was censored and lead to a lawsuit due to the controversy depicted in the drawing.











This comic followed the previous one by hitting even harder the attackers of Matador.







Supporters and attackers of Charlie & Matador


Despite being a target for a long time, the Charlie Hebdo illustrators continue to provide the magazine sensitive drawings, even after having to endure a terrorist attack. Many staff members of the redaction do have a personal 24/7 police escort assigned to them (one of the 2015 attack victim was even a policeman assigned to the protection of the illustrator Charb). Despite having the public opinion being them due to this awful event, most believe that the journal often goes too far. Pope Francis even took position regarding Charlie Hebdo and said “Freedom of speech is a fundamental right, but should not insult other’s beliefs”. The front page of the “survivor edition” made a lot of debate internationally. This edition was censored in Egypt, Israel and Turkey, and led to violent manifestations toward French cultural site and French expatriated people in Pakistan, Niger, Senegal, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania, Mali, Sudan, Jordania, Iran, Afghanistan and Chechenia.

Concerning Matador, he is despised by the Uribists, also known as the followers of Alvaro Uribe and other followers of el Centro Democratico, as their leaders are often the targets of these cartoons, but on the other hand, most of the other political leaders support Matador, saying that he has the freedom of speech and should of course continue to work and publish what he wants to.

Thursday, April 5, 2018

Air Pollution in Colombia’s Most Innovative City

Opinion article by: Mera Sue Conger
Business Management student, Universidad EAFIT 
Email: keydotsue@gmail.com 

Problem

Medellin as Colombia’s second largest and most populated city is experiencing severe problems with air pollution, problems exacerbated by the increasing popularity of cars. The city’s location within a valley causes exhaust fumes to accumulate rather than be blown away like in a coastal city. In 2016 air pollution reached record levels, with Medellin authorities announcing a red alert over the air quality, declaring it a health hazard for the over 3 million residents in the area (Alsema, 2016). According to a study published by the University of Antioquia, air pollution is responsible for 1 death in Medellin every three hours, with the main culprit identified as excess traffic caused by a significant increase in privately owned cars within the city (Gill, 2017). Clearly air pollution is a key issue to tackle in the city’s bid to uphold its reputation as the most innovative city in the world, awarded to it in 2013 by the non-for-profit Urban Land Institute (BBC News, 2013).

HOW HAS MEDELLIN TACKLED AIR POLLUTION?

Medellin’s former mayor Sergio Fajardo is well-known for his push to improve the public transportation system in Medellin, his greatest triumph being the successful installation of the country’s first metro system. Federico Gutiérrez, the current mayor of Medellin, has announced plans to introduce measures removing the small privately-owned buses that use heavier fuel-burning turbo chargers (Gill, 2016). The city itself has petitioned the national government to force the state-run oil company Ecopetrol to deliver cleaner fuel, and in June installed the first PurpleAir pollution sensor in Latin America in order to deliver real-time air quality data to citizens (Gill, 2016). However as air quality continues to worsen, and continued urbanization increases both the number of potential citizens at risk and the number of cars on Medellin’s roads, it is clear that Medellin needs to take more urgent measures to combat air pollution.

WHAT CAN MEDELLIN AUTHORITIES DO TO TACKLE THIS PROBLEM?

According to a research report published by Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs in partnership with the NGO La Ciudad Verde, there are 7 primary measures that Medellin can take based on sustainability and effectiveness (Bush, et.al., 2017) The report also indicates which organisations are best suited to implement these measures based on political authority and ability. The measures are as follows:
  1. Institutionalize emergency measures (for example in 2016 in addition to declaring red alert the mayor banned use of heavy transport during certain hours)
  2. Regulate motorcycles and second-hand vehicles which are currently more lightly regulated and contribute a significant portion of air pollution
  3.  Improve fuel quality, i.e. by increasing pressure on Ecopetrol
  4. Promote driver behaviour change, e.g. carpooling and using public transport
  5. Promote bicycle ridership, e.g. extend the ‘metro’ network of rentable bikes to more neighbourhood
  6. Place permanent limits on heavy-duty vehicles
  7. Implement vehicle retrofit financing programmes, i.e. safely retiring or modifying existing vehicles to be more environmentally friendly

WHAT LESSONS CAN MEDELLIN LEARN FROM OTHER URBAN CENTERS?

Medellin is only one of hundreds of large cities around the world struggling with air pollution and can examine the pollution policies of these cities in order to attempt to find best-practice. Beijing is one of China’s most polluted cities, in order to combat this the government has intensified regulations and inspections on major polluters surrounding the city, increased pollution fines exponentially, established a quota on new cars with priority given to fuel-efficient models and solicited investment in green energy technologies (The Conversation, 2017). These measures appear to be working, with PM2.5 levels (common metric for air pollution) decreased by 27% between 2013 and 2016. In particular I recommend that Medellin invest in green energy technologies as this has the most potential for a long-term solution. In both Paris and Delhi the government has experimented with odd-even car bans and total car bans in certain areas (Vidal, 2016). In the Brazilian city Curitiba the local government has expanded the bus system until it is one of the biggest and lowest cost in the world, resulting in nearly 70% of inhabitants using public transport to go to work and record low levels of air pollution compared to the rest of the country’s cities (Vidal, 2016). Medellin already has a comprehensive and very cheap bus system, I recommend the government consider retrofitting its buses to be more fuel efficient.

References


  • Alsema, A. (2016). Medellin declares red alert over record air pollution levels. Colombia Reports. Retrieved from https://colombiareports.com/medellin-red-alert-excessive-air-pollution/
  • BBC News. (2013). Colombia's Medellin named 'most innovative city'. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-21638308
  • Bush, S., Jordan, W., Kim, J., Le, Y., Podar, D., & Torreon, C. (2017). Policy Path to Improve Urban Air Quality in Medellín, Colombia (pp. 6-7). Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs. Retrieved from http://file:///C:/Users/keydo_000/Downloads/SIPACapstone_LaCiudadVerde_FinalReport_Spring2017.pdf
  • Gill, S. (2017). Pollution kills one person in Medellin every 3 hours: study. Colombia Reports. Retrieved from https://colombiareports.com/one-person-dies-every-3-hours-medellin-pollution-study/
  • The Conversation. (2017). Delhi should follow Beijing’s example in tackling air pollution. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/delhi-should-follow-beijings-example-in-tackling-air-pollution-89378
  • Vidal, J. (2016). How are cities around the world tackling air pollution?. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/17/how-are-cities-around-the-world-tackling-air-pollution